Tsugumi, in Tsugumi (1989), is a quintessential shojo manga character in that she
reflects the ‘petty individualism’ that Kinsella (2000) argues critics have
associated with the shojo manga
genre. Tsugumi is characterised as being obnoxious to all of the people around
her. These include her sister, Yoko, her cousin, Maria, and her mother and
father. Maria, the narrator, writes that:
“If I had to make a
list of the Top Three Victims of Tsugumi’s Outrageously Nasty Disposition, the
order would undoubtedly be: Aunt Masako, then Yoko, then me. Uncle Tadashi kept
his distance” (Goodbye Tsugumi,
1989a, English translation 2002, 4).
In her selfishness
Tsugumi recalls the Yukino character in Yoshimoto’s earlier novel Kanashii Yokan (A Sad Premonition)
(1988d). This type of character is not
entirely new in Japanese writing, however. In the 1939 short story ‘The
Schoolgirl’ (In Run Melos and Other
Stories) by Dazai Osamu, the narrator wakes up and says ‘I’m at my ugliest
in the morning’ (44). She speculates later about a female Christ and thinks,
‘How repulsive’ (51). Later, after being ‘nauseated’ by a pregnant woman
wearing makeup on the train she says:
“Women are so
disgusting. Being one myself, I know all too well what filthy things women are,
and I hate it so much it makes me grind my teeth. The unbearable smell you get
from handling goldfish – it’s as if that smell covers your entire body, and no
matter how much you wash and scrub, it won’t come off. And when I think that
I’ve got to go through every day of my life emitting that smell, that female
smell, there’s something else that pops into my mind and makes me think I’d
just rather die now, as I am, still a young girl” (Run Melos and other Stories, 1988, 70).
This misogynistic depiction
of women brings to mind the Meiji period writer Kunikida Doppo who suggested
that women were “monkeys mimicking humanity.” Tsugumi is obnoxious but
Yoshimoto is careful to place this in context. She is associated with the
fantasy women characters in Yoshimoto’s writing like Urara in Moonlight Shadow
(1988a). Tsugumi is described as being an ‘unpleasant woman’ (1) and ‘like the
devil’ (3). Her room is described as being like a scene from The Exorcist (5). As a result of
illness, she has been treated kindly since birth and people are afraid for her
health. Tsugumi is described as ‘growing into her badness’ in this environment
(4). In terms of the novel’s construction, Tsugumi’s character represents
rebellion as opposed to her cousin Maria who represents conformity.
Furuhashi Nobuyoshi
argues that this split between narrator and main character is necessary because
Tsugumi is such a ‘selfish’ character (1990, 103). Furuhashi argues that by
having Maria narrate Tsugumi’s story, Yoshimoto demonstrates that even a
‘selfish’ character such as Tsugumi may be understood (106). And this is a very
different emphasis from that of Doppo or Dazai. However, Tsugumi is not just
‘understood’ by Maria, she also inspires Maria, who comes to see the suffering
that Tsugumi masks through anti-social behaviour. They enjoy a symbiotic
relationship in which each needs the other. Tsugumi needs someone to tell her
story and Maria learns to be strong from Tsugumi. This is the enclosed world of
the shojo. It is a world of intense feeling in which Maria says of the days
spent on the island with Tsugumi ‘… those days were blessed’ (161). The
enclosed shojo world cannot last forever, however.
Earlier in Tsugumi
(1989) when the girls’ favourite series came to an end on TV, Maria says:
“That night, having
wriggled down into my futon all alone, I found myself in the grips of a
wrenching sadness. I was only a child, but I knew the feeling that came when
you parted with something, and I felt that pain” (Goodbye Tsugumi, 1989a, English translation 2002, 67).
Tsugumi describes a
group of ‘four women enjoying each other’s company’ (27). As such, it is also a
forerunner to the ‘women’s paradise’ in Amrita
(1994). But Yoshimoto does not just describe the vulnerability of this world
and suggests that there is more to the world of the shojo, as Aoyama (2004)
argues, than passivity and frivolity. Rather than witnessing the decline of
Tsugumi’s health, the reader is shown Tsugumi learning to take responsibility
for others. Thus, when the dog, Gongoro, is kidnapped, Maria says, ‘It was the
first time in her life Tsugumi had gotten angry on someone’s behalf. Something
about her seemed sacred to me then’ (Tsugumi,
1989, English translation 2002, 137). When Gongoro disappears again, Tsugumi
digs a deep hole at the back of a neighbouring house. Yoko, Tsugumi’s sister,
discovers the hole and rescues one of Gongoro’s youthful kidnappers trapped
inside. When she tells Maria this story, Yoko describes it as a ‘genuine
adventure’ (151). Maria reminisces and says, ‘She hadn’t changed a bit since
she was a girl. All along she had been living in a universe of thought that was
all her own, shared with no one else’ (156). There is a sense of purity about
Tsugumi’s single-mindedness. This event becomes part of their shojo folklore, all the more precious
because of Tsugumi’s illness.
Treat describes Tsugumi
as the ‘perfect shojo who will never grow up’ (1996, 295). For Tsugumi, there
is ‘never anything but “today”’ (295). He argues that in Tsugumi, ‘Yoshimoto
Banana generates a youth (seishun)
that could be anywhere, at any time, as an act of homage to a present that does
not necessarily have to be “now” or “here” (296). He is critical of Yoshimoto
on the basis that her ‘contemporary nostalgia lacks any determined past to
validate it’ (296) and points to how Yoshimoto portrays herself as the perfect shojo in the postscript identifying
herself with Tsugumi rather than the successful author she has become as an
adult (297). Treat asks ‘why childhood and adolescence should be so idealised
as a lost object at the expense of a future adulthood?’ (1996, 297) and
suggests that characters like Maria are narcissistic and reluctant to let go of
their adolescent selves. This could be true, but Maria is also vulnerable
because of her parent’s relationship. Even though Maria is hurt by Tsugumi’s
anti-social behaviour, she can see through it and forms a strong friendship
with Tsugumi. Tsugumi is to be admired, not pitied. Tsugumi might be an 'ugly female' character but she is no longer to be judged by the standards of the past.
Former political leaders can end up doing a variety of jobs. Former U.S. vice-president Al Gore travels the world talking about climate change whilst former Japanese prime-minister Kan Naoto is pursuing an anti-nuclear campaign. Earlier this year, he brought this message with him to Australia talking about his experience as prime-minister during the Fukushima power plant meltdown. Australia being a major exporter of uranium is obviously a place where he would like his message to be heard. He talked about how during the Fukushima disaster his government had come close to evacuating people from a 250 kilometre radius of Fukushima. This would have included Tokyo and would have involved displacing 40% of the population or 50 million people. At the time of Kan's visit to Australia there were plans for Australian prime-minister Tony Abbott to visit India where he was to sign an agreement to sell Australian uranium for the first time. When Kan resigned as prime-minister due to criticism of his initial handling of the Fukushima incident and the slow pace of reconstruction he later won approval for his plans to phase out nuclear power. The legislation he drew up to realise this aim was overturned by the election of an LDP government led by Abe Shinzo in 2012. His pleas for Australia to reduce the world's dependency on nuclear power will fall on deaf ears as the Abbott government has no interest in the renewable energy sector. 
